Systems that include integrations of computation, networking, and physical processes with feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa4. An example of a Cyber-Physical System is a Digital Twin, where a building has a virtual model that is populated by sensor data from that building and uses computation to alter the state of the building – like opening the windows or turning down the temperature. ^[1]

[1] Gürdür Broo, D., Lamb, K., Juvenile Ehwi, R., Anneli Pärn, E., 2020. Four Futures, One Choice: Options for the Digital Built Britain of 2040. Researchgate.